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Strengthening Laboratory Capacity for Early Warning Alert and Response System (EWARS) in Indonesia

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High Doses of Soybean, Jati Belanda and Their Combination Extracts Have No Acute Toxic Effects

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Strengthening Laboratory Capacity for Early Warning Alert and Response System (EWARS) in Indonesia

Journal article

High Doses of Soybean, Jati Belanda and Their Combination Extracts Have No Acute Toxic Effects

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In Vitro Study of Eight Indonesian Natural Extracts as Antiviral Against Dengue Virus

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) caused by a dengue viruses is still a major problem in tropical countries, including Indonesia. World Health Organization data showed that over 40% of world population are at risk of DHF.1In 2014 there were 71.668 of DHF cases in 34 provinces with 641 death.2 In Central Java in 2013, the incidence rate and fatality rate of DHF was 45.52 in 100.000 populations and 1.21% respectively.3 Until nowadays, there is no vaccine or effective therapy is available as yet.4 Thus research on discovering specific antiviral against dengue is needed. Indonesia is rich in indigenous herbal plants, which may has potential antiviral activity, such as Psidium guajava (Jambu biji), Euphorbia hirta (Patikn kerbau), Piper bettle L (Sirih), Carica papaya (Pepaya), Curcuma longa L(Kunyit/turmeric), Phyllanthus niruri L (meniran), Andrographis paniculata (Sambiloto), Cymbopogon citrates (Serai). Previous studies show that these plants have antiviral and antibacterial properties.5However, there is only limited study of these plants against dengue virus . Objective: This study aimed to know whether these plants have potential activity against dengue virus in vitro. Method: Leave extracts of eight indigenous herbal plants as mention before were originated from Solo, Central Java, the crude extracts were tested in vitro against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) strain NGC using Huh7it-1 cell line. Those crude extracts were screened for antiviral activity using doses of 20mg/ml. Candidates that showed inhibition activity were further tested in various doses to determine IC50 and CC50. Result: From eight leave extracts tested, one of them i.e Carica papaya (pepaya) inhibited virus replication up to 89,5%. Dose dependent assay with C.papaya resulted in IC50, CC50 and selectivity index 6,57 μg/mL, 244,76 μg/mL and 37, 25 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: C.papaya has potential antiviral activity against dengue virus in vitro. Further study is needed to confirm antiviral activity in vivo.
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Effect of Fever Duration Before Hospitalization and Hemoconcentration to Length of Stay of Dengue Patients

Backgrounds: Early identification of clinical conditions and proper treatment to dengue patients is essential to prevent the development of more severe condition. This can lead to shorter length of stay and lower cost of patient care in hospitals. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fever duration before hospitalization and hemoconcentration to length of stay of dengue patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted by random sampling on the medical records of dengue patients hospitalized in RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso period January 2014-December 2015. Multivariate analyzes were performed with Cox regression. Results: There were 153 samples of dengue patient's medical record for analysis, 21.6% of them were hospitalized over 6 days. Duration of fever before hospitalization and hemoconcentration were significant to length of stay more than 6 days. Subjects with duration of fever for 3 days [aRR = 0.38; P = 0.024] and more than 3 days before hospitalization [aRR = 0.27; P = 0.000] were significant to length of stay more than 6 days. Subjects with hemoconcentration had higher risk by 1,8 times to length of stay more than 6 days [aRR = 1.84; P = 0.042]. Conclusion: Fever duration for 3 days, for more than 3 days before hospitalization, and hemoconcentration in dengue patients were significantly related to length of stay more than 6 days.
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Avian Influenza Virus Inactivation by Caprylic Acid, Sodium Caprylate, and Monocaprylin

Background: Avian influenza is an important viral disease caused by RNA viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae family. The virus is highly contagious, and transmission of the virus to humans resulted in fatal disease. Caprylic acid, a natural fatty acid, and its other chemical forms, namely sodium caprylate and monocaprylin, are highly effective in killing a variety of disease causing bacteria and viruses. This study was conducted to investigate the antiviral effect of caprylic acid, sodium caprylate and monocaprylin against avian influenza virus. Methods: Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H5N2 were subjected to caprylic acid, sodium caprylate and monocaprylin. The reduction of viral particles in infected cells maintained in serial dilutions of caprylic acid, sodium caprylate, and monocaprylin and the positive controls were compared by using quantitative real-time RTPCR method. Results: Avian influenza viruses were inactivated by 0.2% and 0.4% caprylic acid up to 2 logs and 3 logs respectively. Sodium caprylate was not producing significant reduction of viral particles in this study. Whereas, monocaprylin has more effective doses to reduced the similar number of viral particles (0.08% - 2 logs and 0.16% - 3 logs). Conclusion: Low concentration of caprylic acid and monocaprylin in-vitro were able to reduce Avian influenza virus. Monocaprylin is more effective in reducing the viral particles compared to the other compounds. (Health Science Indones 2011; 2: 42 - 6)
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Smoking as a Risk Factor of Periodontal Disease

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Isolation of Endophyic Bacteria From Purwoceng (Pimpinella Alpina Kds.)

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