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Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Pogostemon Heyneanus Benth. (Java Patchouli) Image
Journal article

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Pogostemon Heyneanus Benth. (Java Patchouli)

Several plants have been recently reported to possess anticancer potential. Allium cepa root tip assay is a preliminary study to assess the cytotoxic effect of plant extracts. The cytotoxic activity of plants can be correlated to their anticancer potential. Cytotoxic potential of Pogostemon heyneanus (Lamiaceae) was evaluated using A. cepa root meristematic cells. This study was aimed at analyzing cytotoxic potential of P. heyneanus using Allium cepa root tip assay. Four different concentrations of the aqueous leaf extracts at three different durations were examined. Distilled water was used as control. The extract was found to be cytotoxic at all tested concentrations, when compared to control. Mitotic index was found to be decreasing with the increase in extract concentrations and treatment durations. The aqueous extract of P. heyneanus was found to be an effective cytotoxic agent, inducing various clastogenic and non-clastogenic aberrations such as chromosome gaps, bridges, multipolar anaphase, fragments, nuclear budding and lesions, hyperchromasia, laggards and mitotic pairing.
Histological Analysis of in Vitro Cultured Coconut Endosperm Image
Journal article

Histological Analysis of in Vitro Cultured Coconut Endosperm

Coconut is a very important plant for the livelihood of people in tropical countries. It is also used as an icon of tropical region. Coconut fruit is very heavy and can cause injuries if the fruit falls down and hits somebody who happens to be underneath a coconut tree. In order to avoid the accident, the coconut fruits have to be regularly cut off. Coconut tree originated from in vitro cultured endosperm is a triploid plant that produces seedless fruit (without endocarp). Coconut fruit without endocarp is not heavy. The objective of this study was to investigate plant regeneration of fresh and in vitro cultured coconut endosperms. The fresh and developed in vitro cultured coconut endosperms were observed using histological analysis. Solid endosperm of seven month-old postanthesis coconut from “Samoan Dwarf” cultivar was freshly picked up and cultured in vitro on modified Branton & Blake formula. Histological study of fresh coconut endosperm showed that the endosperm consisted of parenchyma cells, which were relatively uniform in shape and size, with some nuclei consisted of 1 – 5 nucleoli. Three month-old calli of in vitro grown coconut endosperm in semi solid media showed that its cells varied in shape and size, characterized by high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, high starch, protein and lipid contents which underwent many divisions. Seven month-old calli of in vitro grown coconut endosperm in liquid media showed embryogenic cells which resembled proembryos. Fourteen month-old bud-like structure of coconut endosperm in semi solid media showed a meristematic layer, tunica-corpus structure, cortex-like region and tracheids of xylem. These results indicated that the bud-like structure was an early stage of shoot bud formation in coconut endosperm. This is the first report of early stage of shoot bud formation occurring on coconut endosperm cultured in vitro.
Dna Barcode Characterization of Mistletoe Infestation in Teak Clonal Seed Orchard (Cso) in Padangan, East Java Province, Indonesia Image
Dna Barcode Characterization of Mistletoe Infestation in Teak Clonal Seed Orchard (Cso) in Padangan, East Java Province, Indonesia Image
Journal article

Dna Barcode Characterization of Mistletoe Infestation in Teak Clonal Seed Orchard (Cso) in Padangan, East Java Province, Indonesia

Ecological Services of Agroforestry Landscapes in Selected Watershed Areas in the Philippines and Indonesia Image
Ecological Services of Agroforestry Landscapes in Selected Watershed Areas in the Philippines and Indonesia Image
Journal article

Ecological Services of Agroforestry Landscapes in Selected Watershed Areas in the Philippines and Indonesia

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Antagonistic Effect of Three Fungal Isolates to Aflatoxin\u002Dproducing^spergiy/hs/javhs Image
Journal article

Antagonistic Effect of Three Fungal Isolates to Aflatoxin-producing^spergiy/hs/javhs

Aflatoxin contamination in preharvest peanuts can be controlled among others by using antagonistic fimgi to aflatoxin-producing fungi. Aspergillus flavus is one of the fungal species where certain strains can produce aflatoxin. Informations regarding the type of interactions between antagonistic fungi and toxigenic A. flavus, and the effects of culture filtrates of the test fungi on the growth and aflatoxin production of toxigenic A. flavus are necessary, before antagonistic fungi could be used as biocontrol agent. Three fungal isolates (nontoxigenic A. flavus BIO 2127, A. Niger BIO 2129 and Trichoderma harzianum BIO 19130) were tested for their antagonistic properties against toxigenic A. flavus BIO 2132 using direct and indirect confrontation methods. On direct confrontation method, four kinds of agar media were used, i.e PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar), MEA 1% (Malt Extract Agar 1%), SMKYA (Sucrose 200 g, MgSO47H2O 0.5 g, KNO3 3 g, yeast extract 7 g, and block agar AA 20 g), and the mixture of MEA 1 % + SMKYA (1:1). The results indicated that the type of interactions between toxigenic A. flavus either with nontoxigenic A. flavus or with T. harzianum was B type. In this type of interaction, the growth of both toxigenic A. flavus and the test fungi inhibited each other (mutual inhibition) with the zone of inhibition < 2 mm. Type of interaction between toxigenic A. flavus and A. Niger depended on the kind of media. On SMKYA and MEA 1% + SMKYA media, the interaction was B type, while on PDA and MEA 1% media it was D type. In this D type of interaction, toxigenic A. flavus and A. Niger inhibited each other (mutual inhibition) at a distance > 2 mm. Culture filtrates derived from nontoxigenic A. flavus and A. Niger grown on ME 1%, SMKY and ME 1% + SMKY inhibited the growth (based on dry weight) of toxigenic A. flavus, except culture filtrates derived from T. harzianum grown on SMKY and ME 1% + SMKY media stimulated the growth of toxigenic A. flavus. Culture filtrates of nontoxigenic A. flavus, A. Niger and T. harzianum inhibited aflatoxin B\ production of toxigenic A. flavus. Culture filtrates of A. Niger and T. harzianum with conidial concentrations of IxlO6, 2xl06 and 3xl06 per ml inhibited aflatoxin B, production up to 100%. The percentage of inhibition of aflatoxin Bi production increased with the increase of conidial concentrations of nontoxigenic A. flavus. The highest percentage of inhibition of aflatoxin BI production (62.5%) was obtained from conidial concentration of 3xl06 per ml. Aspergillus Niger was the most potential fungus in inhibiting the growth of toxigenic A. flavus, either on agar media or on culture filtrates of test fungi. Culture filtrate of A. Niger was also the most potential filtrate in inhibiting aflatoxin BI production of toxigenic A. flavus.
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